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surgical tourniquet
Surgical tourniquets enable surgeons to work in a bloodless operative field by preventing blood flow to a limb. This allows surgical procedures to be performed with improved precision, safety and speed. Tourniquets are widely used in orthopedic and plastic surgery, as well as in intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block anesthesia) where they serve the additional function of preventing local anesthetic in the limb from entering general circulation.
In the early 1980s, microprocessor-controlled pneumatic tourniquets were invented by James McEwen.〔McEwen, James A. US Patent No. 4,469,099, September 4, 1984, “Pneumatic Tourniquet”.〕〔McEwen, James A. US Patent No. 4,479,494, October 30, 1984, “Adaptive Pneumatic Tourniquet”.〕 Automatic tourniquets based on this invention are now standard equipment in operating rooms worldwide, and these systems have significantly improved the safety and convenience of tourniquet use. In the 2000s, a modern mechanical tourniquet called either a silicone ring tourniquet, or elastic ring tourniquet, was invented by Prof. Noam Gavriely. The surgical torunqiuet version of the device, and provides improved surgical accessibility due to its narrow profile that results in a larger surgical field. It can be used for most limb procedures, but it does not completely replace the use of contemporary tourniquet devices.
Despite many advances in tourniquet technology, tourniquet-related injuries continue to be of concern.〔Murphy CG, Winter DC, Bouchier-Hayes DJ. “Tourniquet injuries: Pathogenesis and modalities for attenuation.” Acta Orthop Belg. 2005; 71(6):635-645.〕 High pressures under a tourniquet cuff can cause nerve, muscle and skin injury. Minimizing tourniquet pressure and reducing tourniquet time help to reduce the risk of tourniquet-related injury.
== Surgical tourniquet equipment ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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